Childhood Development

 Erik Erikson's Stages of Child Development

 

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yrs)

-appreciation of interdependence & relatedness

[hope]

2. Autonomy vs. (Shame &) Doubt (2-3 yrs)

-acceptance of self-control & self-assertion

[will]

3. Intiative vs. Guilt (3-6 yrs)

-ability to begin task & feel a sense of purpose

[purpose]

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs)

-acceptance of one's course & competition with others

[competence]

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 yrs)

 -develop sense of self and personal identity

[social relationships]

Early Adulthood

 

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

 -form loving and intimate relationships

[relationships]

Adulthood

 

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

 -need to create or nuture things that will outlast them

[work & parenthood]

Elders

 

8. Integraty vs. Despair

-look back on life and feel sense of accomplishment

[reflection on life]

Key Terms

 

1. Schema Theory : organized mental systems of information (schemas) help people both to make sense of their experiences and to shape their interactions
2. Assimilation: process of trying to restore cognitive equilibrium by incorporating new information into existing schemas 
3. Accommodation: process of responding to cognitively disequilibrating information about the environment by modifying relevant schemas, adapting new information and reestablishing equilibrium
4. Attachment: strong and relatively long-lasting emotional tie between two humans
5. Object Permanence: cognitive realization that objects may continue to exist even when they are not currently being perceived
6. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): range between the developed abilities that a child clearly shows and the latent capabilities that the child might be able to show
7. Self-Concept: individual's view of her-or himself, which may or may not be realistic

 Kohlberg: Morality

 

I. Pre-Conventional

1. Right v. Wrong = based on punishment

2. Right v. Wrong = Needs

 

II. Conventional

3. Right v. Wrong = Approval from Society

4. Right v. Wrong = based on what Authority says

 

III. Post-Conventional

5. Right v. Wrong = based on what is just (Civil Disobedience)

6. Right v. Wrong = Universal Morality

 

 

 

 **Note: Gillian-Proposed notion that females make moral decisions based on relationships & maintaining those relationships

 Donald Super's Career Development

 

1. Growth Stage (0-14 yrs)

-think of possibilities

2. Exploration Stage (15-24 yrs)

-exploring interests

3. Establishment Stage (25-44 yrs)

-figured out career & making ground

4. Maintance Stage (45-65 yrs)

-steer the course of career

5. Decline Stage (65+ yrs)

 

Brain Development - Myth or Fact?

Myth  At birth the brain is fully developed, just like one's heart or stomach.

Fact - Most of the brain's cells are formed before birth, but most of the connections among cells are made during infancy and early childhood.

Myth  The brain's development depends entirely on the genes with which you are born.

Fact - Early experience and interaction with the environment are most critical in a child's brain development.

Myth   A toddler's brain is less active than the brain of a college student.

Fact - A 3-year-old toddler's brain is twice as active as an adult's brain.

Myth   Talking to a baby is not important because he or she can't understand what you are saying.

Fact - Talking to young children establishes foundations for learning language during early critical periods when learning is easiest for a child.

Myth   Children need special help and specific educational toys to develop their brainpower.

Fact - What children need most is loving care and new experiences, not special attention or costly toys. Talking, singing, playing and reading are some of the key activities that build a child's brain.